Revolution

What is a revolution actually defined as?
Is a revolution a negative or a postive event?
Do revolutions have to be violent?
Why do groups bond together to create a revolution?
Do revolutions have a single leader or many?
What are the different causes and effects of violent and peaceful revolutions?

History has shown that peaceful revolutions are more successful than violent revolutions in the areas of gaining popular support, developing a positive image, and creating lasting effects.

Peaceful
Civil Rights Movement
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html

Brunner, Borgra, and Haney, Elissa. "Civil Rights Timeline." Infoplease (2007). Web. 29 Sep. 2010.

• Dec. 1955- Rosa Parks calmly refuses to give up her seat on the bus in Montgomery, AL.
• 1957- MLK Jr. becomes the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference that he helped create
• SCLC focused on nonviolence and civil disobedience
• 1961- "Freedom riders" travel through the South to test anti-segregation laws involving interstate travel
• 1963-  March on Washington  with "I Have a Dream Speech"

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0909663.html
"civil disobedience." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.© 1994, 2000-2006, on Infoplease.© 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 30 Sep. 2010

• Civil Disobedience- refusal to obey a law or follow a policy believed to be unjust

Results
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html

• 1964- The poll tax is abolished for voting
• 1964- July 2, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is signed which prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin; also provides the federal government with the powers to enforce desegregation.
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 makes it easier for Sothern blacks to vote
• 1968- President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing

Protestant Reformation
http://socyberty.com/history/protestant-reformation-timeline/
Smith, Adam. "Protestant Reformation Timeline." SocyBerty (30 Jan. 2010). Web. 30 Sep. 2010.

• 1517-Luther posts his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg church
• 1521-1522- Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German
• 1525-William Tyndale translated the New Testament in English
• 1534-John Calvin converts to Protestantism
• 1541-Calvin published “Institutes of the Christian Religion”

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286800/indulgence

• Indulgences-granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin
• Guilt was not enough for sinning; penance must be practiced

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5519861

• Popes would authorize Brothels, or prostitution houses, for church funds

http://mb-soft.com/believe/txn/reformat.htm

• April 1521- Diet at Worms= Luther stood before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the German princes and refused to recant unless proven wrong by the Bible or by clear reason
• Luther believed that salvation could be achieved simply by beleiving and trust in God
• Ulrich Zwingli wanted a reform of the city-state Zurich in which both priests and Christian magistrates would conform to the will of God

Results
http://socyberty.com/history/protestant-reformation-timeline/

• 1521- Luther is excommunicated
• 1550's-Calvinism takes over as the dominant Protestant religion in Europe
• Protestantism arises
• Various religions develop around the world

The Peaceful Revolution
http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,654137,00.html
Curry, Andrew. "We are the People." Spiegel Online International (9, Oct. 2009). Web. 1 Oct. 2010.

• Oct. 9, 1989- Leipzig hosted the largest protest demonstration in East German history: Between 70,000 and 100,000 peaceful demonstrators
• They carried nothing but candles and banners reading "We are the people."
• The Stasi (secret police of Germany) planted plain clothes officers in the crowd to cause trouble, but they were all quickly surrounded and neutralized by protesters chanting "no violence."
•  East Germans frustrated that they couldn't leave the country
• 1980's- Monday prayer meetings in Leipzig were attracting hundreds, and then thousands, of people - the largest regular meetings in Germany.
• The peaceful protests grew
• By Oct. 23, 1989, a little less than two weeks before the Berlin Wall came down, more than 300,000 people filled Leipzig's city center, carrying candles and banners

http://www.discover-germany.diplo.de/Vertretung/entdeckedeutschland/en/04__Politik/20__Jahre__Einheit/Unity__timeline__en.html

• Elections held in the German Democratic Republic are influenced and corrupted by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED)

Results
http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,654137,00.html

• Led to the fall of the Berlin Wall

http://www.discover-germany.diplo.de/Vertretung/entdeckedeutschland/en/04__Politik/20__Jahre__Einheit/Unity__timeline__en.html
Discover Germany. "From Peaceful Revolution to German Unity." Discover Germany. Web. 1 Oct. 2010.

• The SED Politburo (the executive committe for different communist political parties) resigns

Violent
KKK
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htm
Simkin, John. "USA History: Civil Rights 1860-1980." Sparticus Educational (2 Oct. 2010). Web. 29 Sep. 2010.

• The first KKK began forming branches in 1866, following the end of the Civil War
• Originally wanted to stop black people from voting
• 1870-North Carolinian, Tennessee, and Geogian  governments became run by white supremecists
• Black businessmen were attacked along with other black Americans and sympathetic whites
• The KKK often used lynching and bombing to make statements
• 1960, Mississippi- 42% of the population was black, but only 2% were registered voters

Results
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htm

• April 20, 1871- Ku Klux Act became a law, allowing the president to suspend the writ of habeus corpus in counties where disturbances occurred
• Jackson, Kenneth T. (1967; 1992 edition). The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930. Oxford University Press.  - The NAACP and othe organizations spoke out against the Klan and contributed to its downfall

http://law.jrank.org/pages/2863/D-C-Stephenson-Trial-1925.html
JRank. "D.C. Stephenson Trial: 1925 - "i Am The Law In Indiana", In A Pullman-car Drawing Room, A Secondary Staphylococci Infection." JRank (2010). Web. 1 Oct. 2010

• 1925-The conviction of David Curtis Stephenson (Grand Dragon (state leader)z of the KKK in Indiana) for murder caused the image and popularity of the Klan to suffer

The German Attempt for a Third Reich
http://library.thinkquest.org/15511/data/encyclopedia/hitleradolf.htm
ThinkQuest. "World War II: The Homefront." ThinkQuest (1998). Web. 2 Oct. 2010.

• The Aryan race was a rationale for the Holocaust, as the systematic weeding out of Jews
• Hitler believed that the Germans represented the highest breed of all of the Aryans, a mythological race of blonde haired, blue eyed supermen and women.
• Violently and forcefully invaded most of Europe

http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm

• Sept. 29, 1941- Nazis murder over 33,000 Jews at Kiev
• June 1942- Mass murder of Jews at Auschwitz
• Hitler ordered the execution of all British captured commandos
• Apriil 1943- SS attacks Jewish resistance in the Warsaw ghetto

Results
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm
History Place. "World War II in Europe." The History Place (1996). Web. 2 Oct. 2010.

• 1945- Adolf Hitler commits suicide
• Aug. 6 and 9, 1945- Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Nuremberg war crimes trial begins
• Much of Europe is destroyed
• Over 52,000,000 people died
• The Third Reich falls

The Civil War
http://americanhistory.about.com/od/civilwarmenu/a/cause_civil_war.htm
Kelly, Martin. "Top Five Causees of the Civil War." About.com (2010). Web. 2 Oct. 2010.

• The southern states' economies primarily focused on agriculture and farming rather than industry
• Slaves were seen as economic necesscities for harvesting cotton among other cash crops
• The southern states believed in powerful state governments rather than federal

http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_35_Notes.htm

• The Union had a larger population, better railroad transportation, and more factories
• Southern slaves aided Union members

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0857509.html
"Confederacy: Search for Recognition and Support." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.© 1994, 2000-2006, on Infoplease.© 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease.03 Oct. 2010

• England and France didn't recognize the Confederacy due to its support of slavery and the fact that they had enough cotton

http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/
History Place. "U.S. Civil War: 1861-1865." The History Place (1996). Web. 2 Oct. 2010.

• Dec. 20, 1860- South Carolina secedes
• April 12, 1861- Ft. Sumter is attacked by the Confederates

Results

• May, 1865- Last Confederate forces surrender

http://www.civilwarhome.com/casualties.htm
Davis, Burke. "The Price in Blood! Casualties of the Civil War." Home of the American ivil War (11 Jan. 2004). Web. 2 Oct. 2010.

• A total of over 620,000 Americans died in the war
• The States stayed united

Essay 1 Draft

      For over two and a half million years, homo sapiens have been birthing, evolving, and dying in a continuous cycle until modern day.("Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?". ActionBioscience.)  Even though death is imminent, every individual approaches the subject in a manner that he or she may see fit. Whether following Hindu culture and conducting rituals over a deceased's body, working to extend life expectancies, or using a method of channeling to communicate with a spirit, humans around the world have devloped practices and beliefs that have proven death to be an accepted and inevitable occurrence. While humans have used many different menthods and treatments to avoid death, time has shown that dying is an unavoidable event.

     Scientists belive that, in Ancient Roman times, the life expectancy of the average human was only twenty-two to twenty-five years. (Rosenberg, 2010) As time passed and humans and technology evolved, the average American has increased his life expectancy to approximately 78.11 years.(Cental Intelligence Agency, 2010) Persevering and evolving through time, humans have pushed the boundaries of their bodies, resulting in the the existence of about seventy-two thousand centenarians in the United States today.(Centenarian, 2010) Human beings have been able to extend lifespans exponentially since the time of Ancient Rome, yet the specie is still unable to overcome all illnesses and dilapidation of the body. As lately as 2007, the leading cause of death in the United States is heart disease, claiming the lives of 616,067 citizens in just one year.(Jiaquan Xu et al, 2010) Although humans have witnessed visible progress in the battle against death, the fact remains that life is only a temporary state and that no one can sustain an earthly existence forever.

    The concept of life after death is is believed by varying religions across the United States. In a 2008 US Religious Landscape Survey, seventy-four percent of Americans stated that they believed in an afterlife. For ways to cope with death and beliefs in an afterlife, humans around the world have turned to religion and looked upon spiritual traditions and practices. In Asian culture, citizens often try to elude death by avoiding placing an ill person in a room with the number "four", and by also keeping an ill person's feet facing away from a door since a deceased's body is usually carried out of a room feet-first. (Sandra L. Lobar, 2006) Following a belief in the afterlife, it is customary in Hindu culture for a family to perform rituals around a deceased's body for ten days, while the spirit watches over the family before ascending from the body on the eleventh day.(Clements et al., 2003) Although humans across the world have tried to avoid death, citizens have found beliefs and practices that they may take part in that allow them to cope with death and accept its eventual occurrence.

     For another group of people, death seems to be only an obstacle that can be temporarily defeated through the use of channeling and Near-Death Experiences, or NDE's. Channeling, or a supernatural experience between a human and a spirit from another world, is a method of communicating with the deceased that is believed to have been conceived by Thomas Edison.(Grace Communion International, 1999) Through channeling, humans are believed to be able to communicate with deceased family members or friends, while the spirits return a message, usually in the form of advice. Another way that humans feel that they may win a battle against death is in a Near-Death Experience. While only a temporary victory, survivors of NDE's describe the inclusion of a life summary, an unpleasant sound, a "tunnel" feeling, and a feeling of warmth and love. (van Lommel P, 2003) According to a Gallup and Proctor survey given to a sample of Americans from 1980-1981, fifteen percent claimed that they had undergone a NDE.Although the use of channeling and NDE's may create the idea in some citizens' heads that they can conquer death by communucating with the deceased or overcoming a NDE, time eventually shows that the victory is only temporary.

     Since the origination of humans in the world, death has been a basic fact and conclusion to life. Through generations of growth and advancement, humans have been able to prolong the persistent battle with death. By extending life expectancies, following religious and cultural beliefs in the afterlife, and undergoing channeling sessions and Near-Death Experiences, humans have attempted to avoid death and elude its grasp. Yet, when time passes, humans age and bodies deteriorate, and the final result of a prolonged battle will reveal that death cannot be defeated.




SOURCES:
Central Intelligence Agency. "Life Expectancy at Birth."  The World Factbook (2010) Web. 6,

        Sept. 2010.


Clements, P.T. et al. "Cross-Cultural Beliefs, Ceremonies, and Rituals Surrounding Death of a Loved One "
      
       Medscape (6, April 2006). Web. 8, Sept. 2010.


Grace Communion International "Communicating with the Dead." Grace Communion International
      
       (1999). Web. 8, Sept. 2010.

Johanson, Donald. "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?." Action Bioscience

       (2001). Web. 6, Sept. 2010.


Lobar, Sandra L. "Cross-Cultural Beliefs Surrounding Death of a Loved One: Before Death: Beliefs."
      
      Medscape (2006). Web. 8, Sept. 2010.


Marshall, Jane. "How Many People Live to 100 Across the Globe?" The Centenarian (2005). Web. 7,

       Sept. 2010.


Rosenberg, Matt. "Overview of Life Expectancy" About.com (14, June 2010). Web. 7, Sept. 2010.


van Lommel, P. "Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the

      Netherlands." Skeptical Investigations (2003). Web. 9, Sept. 2010.


Xu, Jiaquan, et al. "Leading Causes of Death." Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2007).
     
      Web. 7, Sept. 2010 .

Essay 1 Organization

THESIS

• 
  
  Death is imminent
• 
  
  Many people believe that they have conquered death
• 
  
  Preparation for death varies among cultures and religions
• 
  
  People claim to have communicated with the dead
• 
  
  Life expectencies have increased
• 
  
  Thesis Statement= Through the use of channeling, scientifically extending life expectancies, and conducting rituals for the ill, the human race has been attempting to circumnavigate death without prevail.

1st Paragraph

• 
  
  Humans have been working to extend lives
• 
  
  What kills the most people?
• 
  
  How long have we extended the life expectancies?
• 
  
  There are an increasing number of centenarians
• 
  
  The average American is expected to live to be 78.11 years old
• 
  
  Ancient humans from the Roman area were only expected to live between 22-25 years

2nd Paragraph

• 
  
  Different rituals are conducted in preparation for an afterlife
• 
  
  How many people belive in an afterlife?
• 
  
  How do other cultures view death?
• 
  
  Asian cultures avoid the number "4"
• 
  
  Chistians practice the last rites
• 
  
  The Hindu culture believes that the deceased's spirit watches over its family for 10 days

3rd Paragraph

• 
  
  People belive they can overcome the barrier between the living and the dead
• 
  
  Who thought of taking to the dead?
• 
  
  Can people really talk to the dead?
• 
  
  "Channeling" is the process of communicating with a spirit of a person
• 
  
  NDE's are Near Death Experiences
• 
  
  A "tunnel vision" feeling is associated with NDE's
• 
  
  Thomas Edison is believed to have thought of communicating with the dead